Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) employing polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes present outstanding potential in wastewater treatment applications. This article reviews the performance of PVDF membrane bioreactors, focusing on essential operational parameters such as effluent quality, transmembrane pressure, and microbial community composition. The

Nanobubbles, intriguing structures with unique physicochemical properties, have garnered significant attention in recent times. These microscopic pockets of gas contained within a solution exhibit remarkable stability and influence various processes in diverse domains. Generating and analyzing nanobubbles remains a complex endeavor, requiring advan